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1inch Fusion FAQ
1inch Fusion FAQ

All your questions about 1inch Fusion protocol answered

Matt avatar
Written by Matt
Updated over 5 months ago

Creating Orders / Swapping

What is the difference between "Fusion" and "Classic" modes?

Fusion mode - is the default mode for users. It doesn't require any gas fees for the user to execute a swap (outside of “fast” mode), as the "taker" aka resolver pays for all related transaction costs. Each order is filled within a specific price range starting from high to low (dutch auction), designed to incentivize resolvers to take orders. This revolutionizes the execution of swaps on decentralized exchanges. Fusion mode also provides native front-running protection, as the resolvers who fill order bundle transactions before sending them to the mempool. The RPC in your wallet does not determine the RPC the fusion transaction will be sent through.

Fusion Mode

Within Fusion mode, there are 4 different options:

  • Auto – With the Auto option, the auction time will be automatically chosen in order to provide the maximum returned amount, based off a combination of market conditions and the amount of tokens swapped. This option is especially suitable for swapping large amounts of assets.

  • Fast – With this option, the user is willing to accept a slightly less desirable rate in order to have their swap executed within the first few blocks.

  • Fair – With the Fair option, the user agrees to a bit longer order execution time in exchange for a more desirable rate. The starting rate is slightly higher than the market price, and there is a chance that the rate might change during the transaction’s execution to become more favorable for the user.

  • Custom: Fully customize the auction time + minimum and maximum amounts to achieve your desired range of rates (or amount received).


    ***Tip: The left-hand slider increases your potential "max received" and the right-hand slider increases your potential amount of negative "price slippage". Proceed with caution when using the right-hand slider!

Classic Mode

This is the original 1inch aggregation protocol. With Classic mode, users must pay gas fees for every swap, however they can execute the transaction almost immediately and at (or near) the quoted rate.

***Please note: The quoted rate might be lower with Classic mode; however, after taking gas costs into account, Fusion swaps have a higher net returned amount potential.

How does the dutch auction work for price discovery?

In a typical Dutch auction, the price of an item starts high and is progressively lowered until a bidder accepts the current price, thereby winning the auction. With 1inch Fusion Dutch auctions, the exchange rate for an asset swap order starts high and gradually decreases until a Resolver accepts the rate and executes the swap.

The key benefit here is that your order has a good chance of being filled swiftly, as multiple Resolvers are motivated to complete the swap before the rate drops too low. This mechanism creates a delicate balance between the interests of both the user seeking a favorable swap rate and the Resolvers looking for profitable opportunities.

Why did my swap expire or remain unfilled?

Each swap has a specific time window for a resolver to take trade. The longer the swap window, the higher chance there is of a resolver taking the order. If a resolver did not take your trade within the allotted time for your order, it will expire and you will have to resubmit it.

What are the min and estimated amounts

The "estimated" amount is the expected return for your trade, based off of current market rates. The "min" amount is the estimated amount minus your allotted slippage tolerance.

What do all of the different swap settings mean?

To access the swap settings in Fusion mode, click this little icon:

You will then be able to see all of the Fusion mode settings:

Starting from the top, here are descriptions of the swap settings:

"Max": This will enter maximum balance of the selected token in your wallet into the swap window.


Fusion/Classic buttons: Selecting either "Fusion" or "Classic" will change the mode in which you are swapping.

Settlement fee: This is the estimated amount that the resolver will charge for filling the order (paid with the amount tokens returned)

"Auto, Fair, Fast, custom" buttons: These options determine the auction length and amount received parameters that your swap is completed with.

  • Auto: The rate and time to expiration will be automatically chosen, based off current market conditions and the amount to be swapped.

  • Fair: This will extend the auction time to 6 minutes, in order to return the best possible rate

  • Fast: This will reduce the auction time to 3 minutes, in order to fill the order as fast as possible, but at a lower rate.

  • Custom: Fully customize the auction time + minimum and maximum amounts to achieve your desired range of rates (or amount received).


Rate/receive: This toggles the parameters view of the rate (price) to the estimated number of tokens returned.

USDC/DAI (see example above): This toggles the rate (or returned amount) with the reverse rate (or returned amount)

"Max", "min", "auction time":

  • Max: The maximum possible rate or amount of tokens returned

  • Min: The minimum possible rate or amount of tokens returned

  • Auction time: The amount of time that your order will be open for filling. (keep in mind, the rate will decrease for the duration of this period!)


Est. Receive: This is the best return amount at current market rates. In some scenarios, the actual received amount may be higher

Est. Buy Price: The estimated rate for the token purchased (open the dropdown to see the estimated token sell rate)

Min. Buy Price: The lowest possible rate for the token purchased (open the dropdown to see the minimum token sell rate)


Staking

What are the benefits of holding st1INCH tokens?

The rewards for staking 1INCH tokens comes from a few places:

  • Delegation - Holding 1INCH tokens will give you Unicorn power. This power can be delegated to resolvers in order to receive token rewards from both resolver incentive programs (farms), and to 1inch DAO participants.

  • Receive Unicorn power to be used for resolving, delegation, and governance.

A note on APYs - When you select a resolver to delegate to, you will see a quoted APY next to each individual farm. This APY represents the average rewards that have been distributed throughout the life of each resolver's farming/incentive program. This APY is quoted in percentage terms, and is distributed in the form of tokens. Each resolver has a different APY, and therefore each of the resolver farms are competing for delegation power of stakers.


Penalties

What is the penalty for unstaking my 1inch tokens before the term limit of 2 years?

The penalty for unstaking 1INCH tokens before the lock time is taken in the form of 1INCH tokens. This penalty decreases exponentially with time, and is inversely proportionate to the amount of Unicorn power that decreases during the staking period.

The lock period is between 1 month and 2 years. The longer the locking period the more “staking power” a resolver is granted at the beginning of the period.

However, the increase in power is not linear:

  • 2-years lock will give the staker 0.3162 “staking power” for each 1inch

  • 1-year lock will give the staker 0.1778 “staking power” for each 1inch

  • Expired lock will give the staker only 0.1 “staking power” for each 1inch

Blue Line = Unicorn Power

Orange Line = 1INCH tokens taken as penalty

For those who want to withdraw their stake, they must wait until the initial token penalty threshold has passed.

What happened to the deprecated stake reward program?

With the introduction of 1inch Fusion Mode, the previous stake reward program was deprecated, and now only resolvers are eligible to receive rewards for gas fees paid to resolve/take 1inch Fusion swaps. Since the resolvers pay Fusion Mode gas fees, there would be nothing to refund back to users who create the swap.


Delegating

For Delegating, there are two different pods: resolving and governance. A minimum of 100% of the Unicorn power that is acquired from staking 1inch can be delegated to either pod (but not both). The Unicorn power decay rate is then transferred to the delegate, and is kept separate from their pre-existing rate.

For example if the delegatee has 2 years left in their lock period, and the delegator has 3 years, once the delegation is complete, the delegatee would have a 5 year decay period applied to the total amount of power held.

With resolving pods, delegators can choose which resolver to delegate to, based off of the reward structure they prefer.

How does 1inch Fusion swap protect users from front running (MEV)?

Generally speaking, transactions can be front-run aka "Sandwich Attacked" between the time they are submitted to the mempool and the time that the block is added to the chain. (See this article for more info)

All 1inch Fusion swaps are matched directly with Resolvers (takers), and are subsequently placed into a bundle with other orders before being included in the block on-chain. Since a Fusion swap is combined with other transactions, this completely eliminates the risk of your swap being front-run.

Resolving

What are 1inch resolvers?

1inch Resolvers are top holders of st1INCH tokens, who are designated to fill the orders of 1inch swappers. Resolvers fall within the top 10 balances of Unicorn Power can be exclusively registered to fill orders.

***Only approved resolvers have the chance of earning fees for filling users’ orders.

What are the requirements for becoming a resolver?

To become a resolver, you need a balance of staked 1INCH (st1INCH) tokens, meeting the minimum requirement of 5% of the total supply of Unicorn Power (UP). The maximum limit of listed resolvers is 10. Holding st1INCH tokens grants users UP, which can be utilized for farming programs or various activities. The duration of the token lock, ranging from 1 month to 2 years, directly correlates to the voting power gained as a resolver.

To uphold the integrity of the 1inch Fusion mode, a smart contract-enforced maximum gas fee rule is in place. This cap on priority gas fees prevents any attempt to bypass the limit, including direct payments to a block builder’s coinbase. Violations will incur penalties.

Follow these steps to begin resolving:

  1. Gain enough unicorn power to be listed among the top 10 registered resolvers. There are two options available to grow your unicorn power:

    1. Stake more 1inch or lock your stake for a longer period.

    2. Attract more delegates through farming to delegate their unicorn power to you.

  2. Register as a resolver in the whitelist and delegation, and set up a worker address.

  3. Deposit 1inch into the FeeBank to cover resolving fees.

  4. Start resolving swaps.

The duration of the token lock, ranging from 1 month to 2 years, directly correlates to the voting power gained as a resolver.

The top 10 resolvers have the privilege of filling Fusion swaps. Earning a spot on this list requires staking a sufficient amount of 1INCH tokens to acquire the necessary UP for a top 10 ranking. Resolvers can either stake tokens individually or attract users who delegate voting power in return for farming rewards.

What is the resolver gas cap?

To uphold the integrity of the 1inch Fusion mode, a smart contract-enforced maximum gas fee rule is in place. This cap on priority gas fees prevents any attempt to bypass the limit, including direct payments to a block builder’s coinbase. Violations will incur penalties.

Priority gas fee caps are determined by the baseFee:

  • For baseFee <10.6 gwei, the priorityFee cap is 70% of the baseFee.

  • For 10.6 gwei ≤ baseFee ≤ 104.1 gwei, the priorityFee cap is 50% of the baseFee.

  • For baseFee >104.1 gwei, the priorityFee cap is 65% of the baseFee.

Violators of the gas fee cap will face the following penalties:

  • First offense: official warning

  • Second offense: one-day block from filling orders

  • Third offense: seven-day block from filling orders

  • Fourth offense: thirty-day block from filling orders

  • Fifth offense: three-hundred sixty-five-day block from filling orders


Have further questions? Feel free to reach out to us in the live support chat!

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